The monograph presents the results of the study of the Stone Age of Sakhalin Island, obtained by the beginning of the XXI century. Historical and cultural processes reconstructed according to archaeological data that took place in the island world of the Russian Far East in a wide chronological range are analyzed: from the Lower Paleolithic to the Late Neolithic. The issues of interaction between humans and the natural environment of the Pleistocene and Holocene in the island and coastal world of the northern region of East and Northeast Asia are covered.