The monograph explores the problems of the object and subject of science in archeology as categories that determine in cognition the specifics of the cognitive activity of archaeologists and the formation of archaeological knowledge. The work covers the historiography of the problem of the object and subject of science in pre-revolutionary and Soviet archeology of the 20-60s. and reveals the content of the object of archeology at various levels of knowledge, the originality of the tasks of archaeological research at the empirical and theoretical levels, as well as the features of historical knowledge of archeology, due to sources and a specific approach to illuminating social processes.