This book is a continuation of the monograph "The Evolution of the Concept of Science. The formation and development of the first scientific programs," which examined science from its first steps in antiquity until the Renaissance. Now the subject of our consideration is the period of the XVII-XVIII centuries, when the previous ideas about nature are being revised, a new concept of science, its method, tasks and research goals is being created in comparison with the ancient and medieval ones. The formation of new scientific programs that are formed in the XVII century is considered: atomistic, Cartesian, Newtonian and Leibniz.