The monograph discusses issues of assessing the level of human physical development, modern ideas about the human constitution and aspects of biomedical anthropology. A generalized review of modern methods for determining the component composition of the human body (the amount of fat, muscle and bone tissues) is provided. The results of a comprehensive anthropometric study of the adult population living in the North-West region of the Russian Federation (Republic of Karelia) are presented. Age-related dynamics of body composition, constitutional distribution of the population and somatotypological association of variability of anthropometric indicators are shown.