The monograph presents a modern experience of a comprehensive generalization of the views of Russian thinkers on the originality of the national mentality - the soul of the Russian people. On the basis of a civilizational approach, the determination of the mental properties of the Russian people by natural, social and spiritual factors is investigated. The essential forces of the Russian soul are analyzed in detail and their influence on the very life of the historical development of Russia, including the events of the late twentieth century, is specially investigated. The book is addressed to teachers of humanitarian disciplines of higher and secondary educational institutions, graduate students, students and everyone who is interested in the problems of Russian national identity.