The book of Hermann Kees (1866-1964), one of the later representatives of the German Egyptological school, has withstood several editions since its publication and has not lost its relevance to this day. Chronological framework of the study - from ancient times to the end of the Middle Kingdom. The presentation is supported by numerous and commented in detail quotes from the "Texts of the pyramids," "Texts of sarcophagi," "Books of the dead," which helps the reader to better understand the life, way of thinking and attitude of the ancient Egyptians.