The publication presents a recently identified monument of Russian history - the register of Polotsk traveling boyars 1585. In the first part, the rich factual material highlights the historical path of this specific category of the population, which existed in the north of Belarus in the XVI-XIX centuries. The circumstances of the compilation of the register and its content are discussed in detail. The publication also includes the text of the monument, a documentary supplement, a geographical index, a map. Addressed to scientists, teachers, students and all lovers of Russian history.