The book of the historian of science, known for his publications on Nobel studies, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Abram Bloch, highlights the history of relations between the leaders of the Soviet Union and the Nobel Foundation. Based on the analysis of unique domestic and foreign archival documents, the Soviet leadership recognized the authority of the Nobel movement, but the result of this recognition was an insistent struggle against contacts of Soviet citizens (primarily scientists) with the Nobel Foundation. For the first time, the author introduces into scientific circulation unknown facts from the history of Russian science, from the life and creative activities of a number of famous Soviet and foreign scientists, writers and politicians. For readers interested in the history of science.