The work is devoted to the analysis of the philosophical and historical foundations of culture as a social phenomenon, the problems of refracting historical reality in the spiritual and value world of a person, the cultural certainty of his worldview, the formation of cultural and regional pictures of the world in the philosophical consciousness, as well as the problems of the relationship between culture and nature. Topical issues related to the environmental contradictions of the modern era are considered in the light of the conceptual Marxist alternative to "technical pessimism," widespread in modern bourgeois philosophy.