The book is devoted to the study of the birth of a nation in Ukraine in the early moderal time in the context of the socio-political, confessional, ideological and conscious realities of Ukrainian society in the first half of the 17th century. The theoretical model of the nation is substantiated, based on the widespread use of sources, the features of the then "Ukrainian" and "Russian" self-awareness, the influence on the process of the Nazionization of the socio-political Cossack movement, as well as the movement for confessional freedom of the Russian of the people. The "Russian idea" and the ideas of the Russian Apostle, the Russian Church revived from Jerusalem, Kyiv - the Second Jerusalem, the mythology of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks are analyzed.