The monograph examines the public controversy that unfolded in Russia in the 19th - early 20th centuries. on the main trends in the country's socio-economic development. It is shown that during the debate, representatives of various socio-political forces made a choice between westernization and the domestic cultural and production tradition, the understanding of which was carried out in the process of developing the national socio-economic doctrine. The work is based on an extensive source complex, which includes materials that are first introduced into scientific circulation