A dialogue book between the outstanding English historian Arnold J. Toynbee and the famous Japanese public figure, president of the Soka Gakkan peace organization Daisaku Ikeda. In the dialogue, a very wide range of serious problems was quite deeply touched upon, which at present have not become less relevant. Problems such as education and upbringing, the inner world of man, the subconscious and psyche, manipulation of consciousness, science and religion, attitude to nature, international economic and political relations, problems of war and peace, processes of demography, urbanization, globalization, etc., have become even more acute in the modern world, and with this in mind, the authors frankly share their views on the past, present and future of human civilization. The book will definitely be of interest to a wide range of readers interested in the processes taking place in the human community in the context of the challenges of the 21st century.