The book provides the latest data on the use of the achievements of modern physics in historical research. The main attention is paid to nuclear-physical methods of dating and studying the elemental composition of various objects. With the help of these methods, it was possible to solve many problems of archeology, paleoanthropology, paleoethnography, history, art history and numismatics. Written in a lively and fascinating form, the monograph is also available to non-specialist readers. The book is intended for historians and everyone who is interested in the history of world culture and the application of natural science methods for applied purposes.