The monograph presents topical source studies and methodological problems of studying the history of the peasantry of Russia in the era of capitalism, summarizes a specific historical study of the nature and features of the social stratification of the peasantry, the production and economic system of the peasant economy. Complexes of mass statistical sources on the history of peasant farming, the latest mathematical methods of typology and analysis of the structure of peasant farms in European Russia as a whole and in individual regions are considered. For historians, teachers, scientists.