The monograph systematically examines the critical aspect of the methodology of scientific knowledge, analyzes the place and role of criticism, critical discussions in the processes of emergence, and then the rivalry of scientific theories. Special attention is paid to methods and means of resolving scientific disputes, the dramatic experience of Soviet science of the 30s and subsequent years is taken into account. The book is designed for specialists in the philosophy and methodology of science, all interested in the problems of the development of scientific knowledge.