In the history of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, the period 1953-1991. occupies a special place. Over the years of intensive industrial development, the region has completely changed: from a classic "frontier" with unclear prospects, it has turned into an outpost of oil and gas development, the flagship of the domestic oil industry. New cities grew here, roads and railways were laid, river ports and airfields were built. The indigenous people of the district and the "new Siberians" laid the foundation for the formation of a common - Ugra - identity. Together with oil, Ugra has gained a future, and the country has a powerful impetus for its development. How and at what cost was the second "conquest of Siberia" carried out? What role did the district and regional authorities play in this process? How were the "oil cities" built? How did people adapt to and transform northern everyday life? The authors of the volume answer these and many other questions related to the life of the region during this eventful period, problems and achievements.